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it的用法

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it的用法很重要也很复杂。it除作人称代词外,还可用作先行代词,引导后面的短语或从句。此外, it还用于强调句中。

1. it的用法

(1). it用作人称代词

it用作人称代词,通常指人以外的生物和事物,无阴阳之分。如:
There is a car near the building. It is my neighbour’s.
楼旁有辆小汽车,它是我邻居的。
Mr Zhang wrote a novel. It is about the miserable life of a young woman.
张先生写了一部小说,它是关于一个年轻妇女悲惨生活的。

it有时可用来代替小孩 (child) 和婴儿 (baby) 如:
The child smiled when it saw its mother.
小孩看到母亲就笑了。

(2).it可用作指示代词相当于thisthat
It is a very good translation.
这是一篇很好的译文。

(3).代表前面已提到的或将要发生的某件事情
I had a talk with our boss. It was very helpful.
我同我的上司谈了一次话,这次谈话很有帮助。(it代表前句的内容)
They were asked to complete the task in two weeks. It is not an easy job.
要求他们两周内完成任务,这可不是件容易的事。(it代表前句的内容)

(4).指时间、距离和自然现象等,此时it在句中作主语
What time is it now? It’s half past eight.
几点了? 八点半。(指时间)
Is it very far to the station?
到火车站很远吗?(指距离)

(5).It用作先行代词

it作形式主语
代替不定式短语。如:
It is necessary for us to learn something about the use of “it”.
对我们来说了解一些“it”的用法是必要的。
代替动名词短语。如:
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
牛奶泼出了,哭也没有用。(覆水难收/事已如此,后悔无用)
代替that引导的主语从句。如:
It appears that Geoffrey might change his mind.
杰弗里可能改变主意。

it作形式宾语
代替不定式(短语)。如:
I found it very interesting to study English.
我觉得学习英语很有趣。
代替动名词(短语)。如:
I think it no use telling them.
我认为告诉他们没用。
代替that引导的宾语从句。如:
They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and necessary job.
他们要向公众表明,他们在做一件必须做的重要工作。

2. it用以引导强调句

(1). it强调句的几种强调情况
要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)时,通常用 “It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分这种句子结构。强调部分指人时用whothat,指其他成分时用that。假如原来的句子为:
David bought a walkman from a store yesterday.
大卫昨天在商店买了一台随身听。
下面四个强调结构分别强调句中的主语、宾语和两个状语。
It was David who/that bought a walkman from a store yesterday. (
强调主语 David)
It was a walkman that David bought from a store yesterday. (
强调宾语walkman)
It was from a store that David bought a walkman yesterday. (
强调地点状语 from a store)
It was yesterday that David bought a walkman from a store. (
强调时间状语 yesterday)

(2). It 强调句式的判断方法
It
强调句式中被强调的成分是句中的某个成分。对句中的某个成分进行强调,就是把该成分提到强调句式的It is/was之后,that/who之前。可以看出,强调位置上的成分正好是that/who 后面句子中所缺少的成分。因此,把一个句子中的It is/was…that/who…这一框架去掉以后,剩余的仍是一个完整的句子(若是强调宾语,需适当调整一下语序),我们就可以判断该句为强调句式。如:It was a factory that we visited last Sunday. 若去掉It was…that…这一框架,剩余部分稍作语序上的调整可成为We visited a factory last Sunday. 这是一个完整的句子,所以原句是强调句式。
再如:It is a fact that we visited a factory last week.若去掉It is…that…框架,剩余的部分不是完整的句子,所以原句不是强调句式,是一个含有主语从句的主从复合句。

(3). It 强调句式的判断误区

把具有实际意义的指示代词it后接be…that (that 引导定语从句)...的情形误认为是强调句式。如:
—What’s on your desk?
—Oh, it’s the very dictionary that you’ve been looking for.
此句对话的意思是:你书桌上放着什么?”“正是你一直在找的那本词典。其中it指代前句中的whatthat引导定语从句修饰dictionary,全句是一个含有定语从句的主从复合句,不是强调句式。

把充当形式主语的it后接be…that(that 引起主语从句)...的情形误认为是强调句式。如:
It is a pity that Jack should have missed the wonderful film.

《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之二十三:强调结构

在句子当中,有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气、增强感情色彩或加强对比,需要改变句子结构,这种结构叫做强调结构(Emphatic Structure)。强调结构通常采用四种方式进行强调。

1. Do (does/did) + 动词原形表强调

这种结构用来强调谓语动词,往往只用于一般现在时 / 过去时的肯定陈述句或肯定结构的祈使句。如:
He does know the place well.
他的确很熟悉这个地方。
The children do hope to go to college.
孩子们真的很想上大学。
She did come yesterday.
昨天她确实来过。
Do come and visit us!
你一定来看我们!
Do shut up!
你闭上嘴巴!
Do be careful!
务必小心。

2. what引导的名词从句来强调主语和宾语

What hurt me most was her indifference.
最让我伤心的是她漠不关心的态度。(比较:Her indifference hurt me most.)
What they value most is freedom and independence.
他们最珍惜的是自由和独立。(比较:They value freedom and independence most.)
What I need is some rest.
我需要的是休息。(比较:I need some rest.)
What they lack is experience.
他们缺少的是经验。(比较:They lack experience.)

3. 改变语序,将所强调的状语置于句首

(1) 为了加强语气或为了上下文的衔接通顺。如:
On his desk I found a book about love story.
在他的桌子上我发现了一本关于爱情故事的书。
Suddenly the rain stopped.
突然间雨停了。
Under her arm she was carrying a great album.
她的腋下挟着一本很大的相册。

(2) 在谓语动词为come, sit, lie,
stand
walk等不及物动词时,为了强调状语,通常将强调的状语放在句首,其语序是动词在前,主语在后,不借用助动词do。如:
In a corner of the room sat a little girl.
房间的角落里坐着一个小女孩。
Down the street marched the band.
乐队沿着街道走远了。
Here comes the devil.
说曹操,曹操到。

(3) 以否定副词如nevernot onlyhardlyno soonerseldomat no time,on no account,in no way等开头的句子表示强调。注意此时句子为倒装要借用助动词do/does/didhave/has/ had来构成。如:
Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.
我们不仅丢了钱,还险些丢了命。
Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone started to ring.
我刚刚进屋电话铃就响起来了。

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